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Canyon College

COURSE SYLLABUS: Managing Change in Changing Environments

Course Title: Department: Instructor: Phone: Prerequisites: Co-requisites: Recommended Preparation:

Managing Change in Changing Environments Health Sciences Michael L. Beshears, M.A. E-Mail Vita (870) 424-7821 FAX: TBA None None None

Course Description

Overview and Course Goals

Course Objectives

Course Policies

Grades

Required Texts

Course Schedule

Internet Reference Site

I. Course Description

Managing Change in Changing Environments

This course explores various American business managerial organizational structures and recommended methods of communication and administration in a changing environment, supporting the goal of a well-managed health care organization. Emphasis is on roles of key stakeholders, communication, teamwork and organizational culture, and the techniques of management of the enterprise through use of quality management tools and processes toward desired outcomes. Challenges and responses for today's health care administrator regarding the rapid changes in the health care environment are also presented.

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II. Course Objectives

To provide students with an opportunity to:

• Describe the function of needs assessments and strategies of managing for the future.
• Identify organization theory as it relates to health services management.
• Describe administrative and managerial roles in meeting organization and care goals.
• Identify the functions of communication, teamwork, and strategic alliances in meeting established goals.
• Describe the components of team development, management..
• Describe the function of needs assessments and strategies of managing for the future.

• Establish a personal definition of leadership for the health care administrator to apply in work settings today.

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III. Overview and Course Goals

Welcome to Managing Change in Changing Environments for the Health Care Manager online! This course focuses on the various organizational structures and methods of communication and administration in a changing environment, supporting the goal of a well-managed health care organization. Emphasis is on roles of key stakeholders, communication, teamwork and organizational culture, and the techniques of management of the enterprise through use of quality management tools and processes toward desired outcomes. Challenges and responses for today's health care administrator regarding the rapid changes in the health care environment are also presented. The course shall acquaint the student to the managerial challenges experienced today and projected in the future. It is designed to produce students who can understand, appreciate and discuss possible solutions and potential problems that may be encountered regarding changing environments in a health services organization. The student will study and examine possible management solutions to various situations. Because this is a course of a broad field, it will, of necessity, cover each topic with a broad brush. However, the reference area and online conference room will allow the student to delve deeper into any subject area that particularly attracts the student. The student will learn how to use the World Wide Web to research topics. Each week we'll focus on a different aspect of managing change in changing environments, for health care management, through our online conferencing discussions. These will be reinforced and expanded in readings in our text,

Shortell, Stephen M., & Kaluzny, Arnold D., Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition (1997), Delmar Publishing, (ISBN: 0-8273-7145-4).

After completing Week 1 the student should be able to:

• Identify the major forces affecting the delivery of health services.
• Describe how these major forces affect the role of the health service manager.
• Identify some of the commonalties and differences among major types of health services organizations.
• Identify and understand the basic processes that must be accomplished by any organizations.
• Identify and understand the different units of analysis associated with studying organizations.
• Identify, understand, and apply the major perspectives on organizations to real problems facing health services organizations.
• Discuss the historical perspectives on the managerial role and their underlying concepts.
• Recognize the managerial challenges posed by changes in the external environment and within health care organizations.
• Describe the changing roles of managers in providing vision and leadership, adapting the organization to its environment, and designing the organization to enact its mission and to achieve its objectives.
• Recognize changing skills and knowledge required by managers in light of environment and organizational dynamics.

After completing Week 2 the student should be able to:

• Define motivation and distinguish it from other factors that influence individuals’ performance.
• Recognize popular but misleading myths about motivation.
• Discuss how motivation depends heavily on the situation in which individuals work.
• Describe the managers’ role in motivating people.
• Identify key characteristics of the content of people’s work that motivates them.
• Identify important processes involved in motivating people.
• Assess and deal with motivational problems.
• Better appreciate why leadership skills are so important.
• Discuss what leadership is and what it is not.
• Describe the distinction between management and leadership.
• Understand the leadership role and how it is executed in health services organizations.
• Identify the major leadership perspectives as well as some emerging theories and concepts.
• Consider how different leadership perspectives can be combined into a more integrative framework.
• Appreciate several distinctive challenges of leading in health services organizations.
• Continue developing leadership knowledge and skills.

After completing Week 3 the student should be able to:

• Identify reasons that conflict is prevalent in health care organizations.
• Discuss the several different types of conflict and the levels at which conflict occurs.
• Identify several different conflict management techniques, based on various concerns of the disputants.
• Identify the basic concepts and dimensions of negotiations.
• Appreciate the importance of planning for a negotiation and know the key issues to consider when preparing to negotiate.
• Identify and understand special types of conflict management situations, such as multiparty negotiations and third-party intervention.
• Describe the importance and types of groups and teams in health services organizations.
• Distinguish between approaches to assessing work group’s structure on group performance.
• Analyze the effects of a work group’s structure on group performance.
• Explain the relationship between work group norms and group productivity.
• Identify the key roles assumed by individuals in work groups.
• Describe key aspects of group process including, communications structures, decision-making, and stages of group development.
• Define the major causes and consequences of inter-group conflict and identify alternative strategies for managing conflict.

During Week 4:Mid-Term will be administered. After completing Week 4 the student should be able to:

• Identify the range of approaches to work design, including the psychological and task inventory approaches.
• Discuss the relationships between work design and individuals’ motivation and productivity.
• Discuss the differences between work and working.
• Identify components of work, their characteristics and their performance requirements.
• Analyze the interconnectedness of components of work among individuals and among work groups.
• Describe how to approach the design of individual jobs and work units.
• Differentiate between pooled, sequential, and reciprocal interdependence.
• Differentiate between intra-organizational coordination and inter-organizational coordination.
• Discuss a variety of coordination mechanisms used in intra-organizational settings.
• Consider the application of the intra-organizational coordinating mechanisms to a given situation using the contingency approach.
• Discuss the three major types of transactions used in inter-organizational coordination.
• Discuss the barriers of communication.

After completing Week 5 the student should be able to:

• Distinguish between rational and political models of organization of their appropriateness to health services organizations.
• Know the practical, managerial implications of the effective use of power I health services organizations.
• Identify the conditions that promote the use of power, political, and informal influence in health services organizations.
• Discuss the range of political strategies and tactics employed by members of health services organizations.
• Discuss the sources of power in health services organizations.
• Know the key approaches for consolidating and developing power by managers, physicians, and other groups in health services organizations.
• Describe the principles of organization design.
• Have an awareness of the evolution of organization design.
• Use a framework for understanding organization design considerations.
• Analyze common organization designs in terms of their applicability, strengths, and limitations.
• Consider guidelines for changing organization designs.

After completing Week 6 the student should be able to:

• Better understand why strategic alliances are increasing in use, particularly among health care organizations.
• Distinguish between different types or forms of strategic alliances, using a number of dimensions.
• Classify an alliance both in terms of what it looks like and what it is meant to do.
• Identify if asked how alliance motivation is often related to alliance structure and outcomes.
• Identify whether your motivations for a strategic alliance are compatible with those of your alliance partner.
• Think about strategic alliance in terms of the likely stage of development that alliances often experience and the critical issues that you may face at each stage.
• Distinguish between an alliance problem and an alliance symptom and recognize the different implications for managerial intervention.
• Discuss both the pros and cons of alliances.
• Describe the change process that occurs within health services organizations and identify factors, which facilitate or inhibit that process.
• Identify and understand the types of changes associated with technical operations and the methods to manage such changes.
• Identify and understand the types of changes and methods associated with identifying and introducing new services.
• Describe the types of changes involving administrative, structural, or strategy changes.

During Week 7: {FINAL EXAM REVIEW} After completing Week 7 the student should be able to:

• Describe the importance of assessing organizational performance.
• Define performance measures for organizations.
• Explain if asked the important issues in defining, measuring, and using performance measures.
• Identify professional work.
• Compare if asked the management models based on quality improvement.
• Describe management for quality improvement in health care.
• Discuss the management roles to create high performance organizations.
• Define the concepts of strategic management, strategy, competitive advantage, corporate strategy, and market structure.
• Identify the major schools of thought in strategic management and how the relevance of each might be dependent upon the degree of turbulence in the environment.
• Describe the major sources of competitive advantage, some major examples of these sources, and why they are important in the design of strategy.
• Express how multi-organizational structures can facilitate implementation of health care strategies.
• Identify the major sources of threat in the Portor framework and be able use them in conducting strategic analyses.
• Identify the major trends likely to affect the delivery of health care.
• Describe the changing role of physicians, nurses, and other allied health care providers within health services.
• Discuss knowledgeably the changing role of management and the competencies required to function in the management role.

During Week 8: {FINAL EXAM}:

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IV. Course Policies

On-Line Participation

This course is offered on-line, over the Internet, which allows students to participate at any time, from any location. Because of this flexibility, it is important to plan your time carefully. Students are expected to sign in to the class conference forum (your "virtual classroom") and participate in discussions and other activities at least four times per week. You should expect to expend a minimum of four hours per class week on-line -- the same amount of time you'd spend in a physical classroom. You'll be sending and receiving E-mail, performing on-line research and participating in Web explorations and "tours," and interacting socially and professionally with classmates. See Ground Rules for On-Line Participation for additional guidance.

A class week is defined as the period of time between Monday and Sunday. The first week begins the first day of the semester and ends midnight the following Sunday. Assignments scheduled for completion during a class week should be completed by Saturday of the week assigned. Writing assignments and formal papers should be completed and successfully submitted, or postmarked, so that they are in my hands on the due date. NOTE: Because this is an online course designed to get feedback on assignments to you directly via Internet, you must make prior arrangements with me before submitting a paper via fax or the postal service. If you ever have problems transmitting your assignments to me, telephone me immediately, and we'll get the problem solved. The student is to understand that unless the instructor authorizes a time extension, all assignments received past its due date will receive a grade score penalty. The student will receive a confirmation of receipt from the instructor within 72 hours of sending the assignment. If the instructor has not replied within 72 hours to the student, it is the student's responsibility to follow-up on all submitted assignments and email messages sent to the instructor.

Email-Homework Homework must be submitted not later than Saturday of the week assigned. Late homework will receive a grade penalty. Homework not turned by the due date, but which is turned in no more then 7 days late, will receive a 5 (five)-point penalty for each day late. Homework not received within 7 days of the due date will not be scored and will receive a zero. No work received after the last Saturday of the online term will be scored.

Discussion Assignments Discussion (student classroom participation) work must be posted in the classroom not later than Saturday of the week assigned. I will not accept these via email. They must be posted in the classroom i.e., week one discussion question in week one discussion message board in order to be scored. Posting placed in the wrong classroom message board will not be graded and will not be scored. Late discussion thread postings by a student will receive a 5 (five)-point penalty for each day late after the due date up to 7 days. The required discussion posting(s) not posted after 7 days of there due date will not be scored and will receive the grade of zero. No class-work posted after the last Saturday of the online term will be scored.

Absentee Policy: Student(s) who fail to participate in the classroom during a course week will be deemed absent for that week. The absence will be annotated as absent unexcused (AU), unless the instructor has been informed beforehand and deemed the absence as absent excused (AE). The instructor shall report all absences to the main campus as required. A student who has not participated for 14 consecutive days regardless if the absences were deemed AU or AE shall be recommended for administrative withdrawal to the main campus. The main campus shall make recommendations to the instructor as to what action if any will be taken. Emails sent to the instructor during a "course week" without actual classroom participation will not count as classroom participation or attendance. This will be scored and annotated accordingly AU or AE. In a traditional classroom just because a student contacts the instructor and is excused from a scheduled class meeting does not mean the student is given credit for participation or attendance. The student is still annotated as AU or AE. The online classroom shall be no different in this respect. It is the instructor’s sole discretion as to what he/she shall consider AU or AE.

Ground Rules for On-line Participation

Students should use e-mail for private messages to the instructor and other students. The Classroom Conference Board(s) are for weekly discussions, instructor messages, classroom participation and attendance. Students are to send all email messages or homework to the instructor’s following email address: beshears@canyoncollege.edu

1. Students are expected to complete (4 - 5) hours per week of conferencing or other appropriate online activities, including sending/receiving E-mail and navigating and conducting research over the World Wide Web.

2. All students will participate in conference discussion. Conventions of on-line etiquette, which include courtesy to all users, will be observed. Conference discussion in this context means the course conference where we can all post questions and comments. (Note: Typing in all caps is the same as shouting at your classmates and is considered rude.)

3. We will also have on-line real time conferences from time-to-time. These are strictly voluntary - participate if you can and want to. I'll try to arrange these at convenient times, but one of the reasons you are taking an Internet course is to avoid being stuck with a particular schedule. If the topic proposed is of no interest to you or if the time is inconvenient, don't worry about it.

4. Students may get assistance with computer-related problems through the college and instructor.

5. Students will submit papers as MS Word, Word Perfect, or text files ASCII or binary files uploaded to the computer and routed to the instructor as an email "ATTACHMENT", preferably in MS WORD FORMAT, and virus free. All email messages and ATTACHMENTS will include the student’s: FULL NAME, EMAIL ADDRESS, COURSE TITLE, and ASSIGNMENT TITLE. If I can't read your file, I'll let you know.

6. Assigned papers will be submitted via the postal service or fax only if arrangements are made with the instructor beforehand.

Individual Student Responsibilities:

• Reading the Instructor's Bulletin as posted every time they log into the classroom.
• Actually participating in meaningful discussion in the classroom. Just signing in will not earn a student full credit for classroom participation. Full participation is considered signing in weekly and contributing to the class discussion(s) each week with meaningful valid discussion with classmates concerning the course subject material and the assigned topic(s) for each week.
• Ensuring assignments are turned into the instructor on time. Assignments received late will be deducted 5 points for each day late up to 7 days and will receive a zero (0%) once 7 days past the due date. Contacting the instructor after 72 hours if they have not heard anything from the instructor regarding their turned in assignment within 72 hours.
• Sending homework assignments to the instructor as an "ATTACHMENT", to an email message. The email and attached work product will have the students FULL NAME, EMAIL ADDRESS, COURSE TITLE, and SPECIFIC ASSIGNMENT.
• Completing weekly Reading assignments.
• Completing Weekly Discussion Questions.
• Completing other assignments as assigned
• Students are responsible for ensuring the instructor has received all messages and work products i.e., homework sent via email.

ACADEMIC HONESTY:

Canyon College policies are in effect. All work must be your own, unless the instructor authorizes collaboration, in which case you must, in writing, acknowledge the help you have received. Presenting as one's own the words, ideas, or expression of another in any form is cheating through plagiarism, and will not be tolerated. The claim of ignorance is no excuse.

GRADING POLICY:

You will be able to track your average exactly throughout the course. The grading scale is as follows:

A = 90-100 B = 80-89 C = 70-79 D = 60-69 F = 0-59

The mid-term exam will count 25% of the student's total grade. The mid-term is an open book exam. However, the student has only 72 hours from the time it is posted in the virtual classroom and/or emailed to the student to return the completed exam to the instructor via fax and/or email. The student will know in advance the standards for each assignment. The final exam will be 30% of your total grade. The student's on line participation in the discussions will comprise 25% of your grade. Email homework will be 20% of your total grade. Each student is responsible for:

Students have exactly 72 hours from the time they receive the mid-term and final exam to complete it and return to the instructor, as an email ATTACHMENT. Final examinations returned late shall have points deducted as follows: (Note Once You Open Your Email the Instructor Will Receive Notification That It has Been Read) The Time Starts Ticking!

Timelines:

12 hours late = (- 5 points)

24 hours late = (- 10 points)

30 hours late = (- 15) points

and another (- 10) points for every 24 hours thereafter

Criteria Utilized for Grading Written Assignments

Assignments will be graded on a possible 100 point system

1. Misspelled Word = (-1 point) for each word (Use Spell & Grammar Check)
2. Proper Word Spelling, but misused word i.e., their, there = (-2 points) for each word
3. Improper Grammar = (-1 point) for each grammar mistake
4. Poor Sentence Structure = (-1 point) per sentence
5. Failed to Support Own Opinion with Valid Facts = (-5 points)
6. Rambling without making a point leaving reader lost = (-6 points)
7. Failed to explain theory or case in detail = (-10 points)
8. Failed to site source(s) in which information was found = (-4 points)
9. Failed to place full name on assignment = (-5 points)
10. Research paper(s) if assigned; for each APA or MLA format error = (-1 point) per error even \ if it a repeated error. (See APA & MLA Reference Link Provided)

Assignment(s): Received past its assigned due date will be penalized 5 points for each day late up to 7 days and shall not be scored, after 7 days, receiving a zero.

Each student is responsible for:

• Completing weekly reading assignments.
• Completing Weekly Discussion Questions.
• Completing Weekly Email Homework as assigned.
• Completing other work as assigned.

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V. Grades

The grades will consist of a mid-term exam, a final exam, email homework, other work as assigned, and on line class participation through the weekly discussion question(s) with conferences. Assignments received late by the instructor shall receive half credit unless the instructor has approved an extension, regarding time of completion.

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VI. Required Text

Online Bookstore

• Shortell, Stephen M., & Kaluzny, Arnold D., Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition (1997), Delmar Publishing, (ISBN: 0-8273-7145-4).

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VII. Course Schedule

Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8

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Week 1: Organizations and Managers

• Readings:
• Read Chapter 1 {Organization Theory and Health Services Management} and Chapter 2 {The Managerial Role} in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny.
• Class Activities: Introduction to online computer conference learning. Introduction and discussion of syllabus/assignment schedule. Course overview. Class participation monitored by instructor via student comments to their classmates’ discussion question(s) and answers by each student.
• Weekly Discussion Question(s) {post answers in the online classroom}:

1. What is the one theory you related to in chapter one?
2. What would you look for if you had to select a leader for a health service organization? Explain your answer.

• Email Homework: {email answer(s) to the instructor as an attachment}: Answer the third (3^rd) discussion question at the end of chapter(s) one and two in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny.

• After you finish the readings for Week 1, post a message in the online conference in which you complete the following:"The one element of this weeks reading in which I found the most interesting was ____________, because ..."

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Week 2: Motivating, Leading, and Negotiating

• Readings:
• Read Chapter 3 {Motivating People} and Chapter 4 {Leadership: A Framework for Thinking and Acting} in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny.
• Class Activities: Continued introduction to online computer conference learning. Class participation monitored by instructor via student comments to their classmates’ discussion question(s) and answers by each student.
• Weekly Discussion Question(s) {post answers in the online classroom}

1. What is the one theory you related to in chapter three? Explain your answer in detail.

2. What do you feel are your strong traits and week traits as a leader after reading the chapters assigned?

• Email Homework: {email answer(s) to the instructor as an attachment}: Answer the discussion question(s) at the end of chapter(s) three and four in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny.

• After you finish the readings for Week 2, post a message in the online conference in which you complete the following: "The one element of this weeks reading in which I found the most interesting was ____________, because ..."

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Week 3: Week 2 Continued & Operating the Technical System

• Readings:
• Read Chapter 5 {Conflict Management and Negotiation} and Chapter 6 {Managing Groups and Teams} in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny.
• Class Activities: Continued introduction to online computer conference learning. Class participation monitored by instructor via student comments to their classmates’ discussion question(s) and answers by each student.
• Weekly Discussion Question(s) {post answers in the online classroom}:

1. Examine the ROBBER’S CAVE case on page 141 in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny. Using the reading in the chapter apply what you have learned about this conflict.

• Email Homework: {email answer(s) to the instructor as an attachment}: Answer the discussion question(s) numbers two and three at the end of chapter(s) five and six in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny.

• After you finish the readings for Week 3, post a message in the online conference in which you complete the following: "The one element of this weeks reading in which I found the most interesting was ____________, because ..."

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Week 4: Operating the Technical System (continued from week 2)

• Readings:
• Read Chapter 7 {Work Design} and Chapter 8 {Coordination and Communication} in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny.
• Class Activities: Continued introduction to online computer conference learning. Class participation monitored by instructor via student comments to their classmates’ discussion question(s) and answers by each student.
• Weekly Discussion Question(s) {post answers in the online classroom}

Discuss your views regarding interconnectedness of work.

• Email Homework: {email answer(s) to the instructor as an attachment}:Answer the discussion question(s) one through four at the end of chapter(s) seven and eight in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny

• After you finish the readings for Week 4, post a message in the online conference in which you complete the following: "The one element of this weeks reading in which I found the most interesting was ____________, because ..."
• Mid-term shall cover weeks (1 – 4). The exam is open book and open note. The student shall receive the exam either via email and/or see it posted in the classroom. The student will have 72 hours from the time it is posted to complete the exam and return it to the instructor via email. Exams returned late will receive half credit.

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Week 5: Power and Politics & Organizational Design

• Readings:
• Read Chapter 9 {Power and Politics in Health Service Organizations} and Chapter 10 {Organization Design} in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny
• Class Activities: Continued introduction to online computer conference learning. Class participation monitored by instructor via student comments to their classmates’ discussion question(s) and answers by each student.
• Weekly Discussion Question(s):

1. Read DEBATE TIME 9.1 in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny. What do you think?

1. When should an organization’s design be rethought? Explain.

• Email Homework: {email answer(s) to the instructor as an attachment}: Answer all the discussion question(s) at the end of chapter nine and only the first question at the end of chapter ten in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny.
• After you finish the readings for Week 5, post a message in the online conference in which you complete the following: "The one element of this weeks reading in which I found the most interesting was ____________, because ..."

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Week 6: Alliances & Organizational Innovation

• Readings:
• Read Chapter 11 {Managing Strategic Alliances} and Chapter 12 {Organizational Innovation and Change} in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny.
• Class Activities: Continued introduction to online computer conference learning. Class participation monitored by instructor via student comments to their classmates’ discussion question(s) and answers by each student.
• Weekly Discussion Question(s) {post answers in the online classroom}:

1. Describe what alliances mean to you after reading chapter eleven. Explain how they were successful or how they may fail.

2. Explain in your own words what you like and dislike about responsibility charting. How would you improve upon this process? Why?

• Email Homework: {email answer(s) to the instructor as an attachment}: Answer the first two-discussion question(s) at the end of chapter(s) eleven and twelve in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny.

• After you finish the readings for Week 6, post a message in the online conference in which you complete the following: "The one element of this weeks reading in which I found the most interesting was ____________, because ..."

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Week 7: Organizational Performance, Strategy Making, and Future

• Readings:
• Read Chapter 13 {Organizational Performance} Chapter 14 {Strategy Making in Health Care Organizations} and Chapter 15 {Creating and Managing the Future} in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny
• Class Activities: Continued introduction to online computer conference learning. Class participation monitored by instructor via student comments to their classmates’ discussion question(s) and answers by each student.
• Weekly Discussion Question(s) {post answers in the online classroom}:

1. Explain in your own words QA and QI. Describe what you feel is the value of each.

1. Read DEBATE TIME 14.1 on page 448, in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny. What do you think? Explain.

• Email Homework: {email answer(s) to the instructor as an attachment}: Answer only the third discussion question(s) at the end of chapter(s) thirteen, fourteen, and fifteen in our text, Essentials of Health Care Management, 1st Edition, by Stephen M. Shortell and Arnold D. Kaluzny.
• After you finish the readings for Week 7, post a message in the online conference in which you complete the following: "The one element of this weeks reading in which I found the most interesting was ____________, because ..."

• The Final Exam Review: The final shall cover weeks (5 – 7). The review shall be posted in the classroom.

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Week 8: Final Review & Final Exam

• After you finish the final exam for this course, post a message in the online conference in which you complete the following: "The one element of this course that I found the most interesting was ____________, because ..."
• The final exam shall cover weeks (5 – 7). The exam is open book and open note. The student shall receive the exam either via email and/or see it posted in the classroom. The student will have 72 hours from the time it is posted to complete the exam and return it to the instructor via email. Exams returned late will receive half credit. Unless prior arrangements have been made with the instructor and approved by the college.

VII. Internet Reference Sites

American Hospital Assoc.
AHA Research Center
Financial Management Information
JCAHO
Healthcare Journal
Link to Other Information Sites
Financial Management Information
APA Research Paper
MLA Research Paper

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